According to Estelle Freedman un her book “ No Turning Back- The History of Feminism and the future of Women (New York, 2002), she states that the women really got out of their homes and moved from housework to wage work first took place in Western Europe and America since 17th century. At that time most women work at textile production due to the growth of world capitalism. However, Freedman tells reader that women’s wages were lower than men even they were in the same job position and this situation did not change until 1980s. Furthermore, the author points out that woman first enter male-dominated profession in late 1800s but those professional jobs become feminized once women gained success in those professional jobs such as bank tellers, sales and clerical. On the other hand, the author clams that some professional job fields illustrate the persistence of a gender hierarchy especially in teaching institutes. Freeman shows that in 1997 white male held 70 percent of the full time tenured faculty position in the United States and at famous universities such as Stanford and Harvard, only 15 percent of professors are women. The author also claims that although women emerged in research and teaching institutes, they remain at low level of lecturers and assistants. Finally, the author suggests that as global economy continually expands, there will be more job positions offer to females and the author believes that it is women’s primary responsibility to fight for equality between women and men.

Reference:
Freedman, E.( 2002). “No Turning Back- the History of Feminism and the future of Women. New York: Ballantine Books